Abahlinzeki bemishini yokonga ikheshi bayakukhumbuza ukuthi ngokuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kokuqwashisa ngemvelo, ukongiwa kwamandla nokuvikelwa kwemvelo sekuphenduke inqubomgomo kazwelonke eyisisekelo enokubaluleka okungokoqobo okukhuthazwa yiShayina. Embonini yamakheshi encintisana yanamuhla, ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obusha, isivinini esisheshayo, nemithwalo esindayo yizici ezigqama kakhulu ezigqamisa izinzuzo zomkhiqizo. Nokho, akunakuphikwa ukuthi izinzuzo zezomnotho nezemvelo zamakheshi ngemva kokusetshenziswa ziyizici okumelwe zicatshangelwe lapho kuthengwa amakheshi.
1, Isakhiwo Esiyisisekelo kanye Nesimo sokuSebenza sama-Elevator
1. Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sekheshi
Namuhla, amakheshi akhiwe ikakhulukazi amasistimu emishini yokudonsa, amasistimu okuqondisa, amasistimu ezimoto, nezinhlelo zeminyango. Ihlanganiswe nesistimu yebhalansi yesisindo, isistimu yokushayela kagesi, isistimu yokulawula ugesi, uhlelo lokuvikela ukuphepha, njll. Lezi zingxenye zifakwe ku-shaft kanye negumbi lomshini wesakhiwo ngokulandelanayo. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa ukudluliswa kwentambo yensimbi yensimbi, ngentambo yensimbi esonga isondo lokudonsa futhi ixhume imoto ne-counterweight kuzo zombili iziphetho. Umshini wokudonsa ushayela isondo lokudonsa ukuphakamisa nokwehlisa imoto.
2. Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sokusebenza kwekheshi:
Lapho ikheshi ligijima liye phezulu, lidla amandla, futhi lapho ikheshi lehla lisuka endaweni ephakeme, likhipha amandla. Umthwalo odonswa umshini wokudonsa ku-elevator wakhiwe imoto yomgibeli kanye ne-counterweight. Ukuze kulinganiswe umthwalo wokuhudula, lezi ezimbili zibhalansiswa kuphela lapho umthwalo wemoto ungezwa ku-50% womthwalo olinganiselwe wemoto (isibonelo, ilifti yomgibeli enomthwalo we-1050kg inabagibeli abangaba ngu-7). Nakuba lokhu kunyakaza kushintsha indawo ephezulu yokusetshenziswa kwamandla, akukwazi ukushintsha isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela, imvamisa yokwenzeka kwesisindo se-counterweight iphansi kakhulu, njengoba isisindo semoto kanye nesisindo sabagibeli silingana ncamashi nesisindo se-counterweight. Ngakho-ke isimo sokusebenza kwamakheshi sisesimweni esingalingani, futhi maningi amathuba okuthi imoto yehle uma kunabagibeli abaningi, iphinde ivuke uma kukhona abagibeli abambalwa noma bengekho. Uma isimo sokuqala senzeka lapho amandla adonsela phansi abagibeli ekhululwa, futhi isimo sesibili senzeka lapho amandla adonsela phansi angaba khona e-counterweight kukhululwa, ngenxa yomphumela womthwalo ongase ube khona, isivinini singaphezu kwesivinini esivumelanayo, okungukuthi, lapho n>cha, izinga lokushelela s=(no - n)/no<0, i-rotor eyenga i-electromotive, igridi ye-rotor ebuyisela emuva i-electromotive force, amandla okuphakelayo kagesi abuyisela emuva isiqondiso sikagesi iphambene nesiqondiso sejubane. I-motor ayigcini nje ngokuphakela amandla kagesi, kodwa futhi ikhiqiza i-torque yokubhuleka ngomshini ku-shaft. Umusho uthi:. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokungabuyiseleki emuva kwesekethe yokulungiswa kwe-AC/DC yesiguquli sefrikhwensi yekheshi, ugesi okhiqiziwe awukwazi ukubuyiselwa kugridi, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwe-voltage emikhawulweni yomibili ye-capacitor yesekethe eyinhloko kanye nokukhiqizwa "kwe-pump up voltage". Ngokuvamile, ama-lifti ashintshashintshayo asebenzisa ama-resistors ukuze adle amandla kagesi agciniwe kuma-capacitor ukuvimbela ukugcwala kwe-capacitor. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwekheshi, lezi zinto eziphikisayo zikhipha ukushisa okukhulu (okunezinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kuka-100 ℃), futhi lamandla amoshayo ahlanganisa u-25% kuya ku-45% wengqikithi yokusetshenziswa kukagesi kwekheshi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-resistors akugcini nje ukunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu, kodwa futhi kukhiqiza inani elikhulu lokushisa elisheshisa ukugeleza kothuli emoyeni wegumbi lomshini, i-adsorbs ugesi omile, futhi kuthinta kakhulu imvelo ezungeze ikhabhinethi yokulawula i-elevator. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuzonciphisa kakhulu impilo yesevisi yezingxenye zokuqala ze-elevator, futhi ukuguga nokwehluleka kwezingxenye kuzoqhubeka. Ukuze wehlise izinga lokushisa ekamelweni lekhompyutha liye ekamelweni lokushisa futhi uvimbele ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-elevator okubangelwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu,abasebenzisi badinga ukufaka ama-air conditioner noma amafeni anevolumu enkulu yokukhipha umoya; Emakamelweni emishini anamandla aphezulu okuphakamisa, ama-air conditioner amaningi namafeni ngokuvamile adinga ukuqaliswa kanyekanye. Yenza amakheshi ne-air conditioning kube "amahlosi kagesi" adla kakhulu amandla.
2, Isimiso sokusebenza sedivayisi yempendulo ye-elevator yamandla
Ukonga amandla kumakheshi, okubalulekile wukusebenzisa amandla kagesi akhiqizwa umshini wokudonsa ngesikhathi sokuphehla ugesi. Amandla akhiqizwe i-resistor yokubhuleka abe eseguqulelwa emuva kumandla we-AC ngokuguquguquka, anikezwe kwezinye izinto zokusebenza zikagesi, noma abuyiselwe kugridi yamandla. Ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla kuzungeze u-85%, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-braking resistor okukhulunywe ngenhla kubala u-25% kuya ku-45% wengqikithi yokusetshenziswa kukagesi kwekheshi. Uma iphansi liphakeme noma isivinini sekheshi sishesha, umphumela wempendulo wamandla kagesi uzoba sobala kakhulu. Isakhiwo esiyinhloko sesifunda sesistimu yempendulo yamandla sakhiwe ikakhulukazi ama-capacitor okuhlunga, amabhuloho amathathu agcwele e-IGBT, ama-inductors ochungechunge, nama-peripheral circuits. Isiphetho sokufaka sesistimu yempendulo yamandla ekheshi sixhunywe ohlangothini lwebhasi le-DC lesiguquli sefrikhwensi yekheshi, futhi isiphetho esiphumayo sixhunywe ohlangothini lwegridi. Uma umshini wokudonsa ikheshi usebenza ngemodi kagesi, wonke amaswishi esistimu yempendulo yamandla asesimweni sokucishwa. Uma umshini wokudonsa usebenza kumodi yokuphehla amandla, i-voltage yepompo ohlangothini lwebhasi ye-DC yesiguquli sefrikhwensi iyanda futhi ihlangabezana nezinye izimo zokuguqulwa. Ngemva kwalokho, isistimu yempendulo yamandla iqala ukusebenza. Njengoba amandla amanje ku-DC ebuyiselwa kugridi, i-voltage yebhasi ye-DC iyehla ize ibuyele enanini elimisiwe, futhi uhlelo luyayeka ukusebenza.
Isiguquli esisebenzayo esiguqula amandla kagesi e-DC abe amandla kagesi e-AC ingqikithi yempendulo yamandla esikheshi. Injongo iwukuba impendulo kumandla kagesi akhiqizwa umshini wokudonsa ngesikhathi sokuphehla amandla nge-inverter, ukufeza ukongiwa kwamandla kanye nokugwema ukungcoliswa kwegridi yamandla okubangelwa ukuphuma kwe-inverter. Ngakho-ke ohlelweni lwempendulo yamandla ekhiqizwa umshini wokudonsa amandla, izimo ezine zokulawula kufanele kuhlangatshezwane nazo ngokwesigaba, i-voltage, kanye nezamanje:
a) Uhlelo alukwazi ukuqaliswa ngokukhululekile. Idivayisi ye-inverter izoqala kuphela futhi inikeze impendulo yamandla lapho i-voltage yebhasi ye-DC idlula inani elibekiwe;
b) I-inverter yamanje kufanele ihlangabezane nesidingo samandla empendulo futhi ayikwazi ukudlula umkhawulo wamanje ovunyelwe yi-inverter circuit;
c) Inqubo ye-inverter idinga ukuvumelanisa nesigaba segridi yamandla, futhi impendulo yamandla kugridi yamandla kufanele ibe ekugcineni kwamandla kagesi aphezulu wegridi yamandla;
d) Ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwegridi kagesi okubangelwa inqubo ye-inverter ngangokunokwenzeka.
3, Idizayini Yezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha Yesistimu Yempendulo Ye-Elevator
1. Isifunda se-inverter yamandla
Kumjikelezo we-inverter yamandla, umsinga oqondile ogcinwe ohlangothini lwebhasi le-DC lesiguquli sefrikhwensi ye-elevator ngesikhathi sokusebenza komshini wokudonsa i-elevator esimweni sokukhiqiza amandla uguqulwa ube wamanje oshintshanayo ngokulawula ukuvula/ukuvala iswishi. Kuyisifunda esiyinhloko sohlelo lwempendulo ye-elevator energy, enezakhiwo ezihlukene ngokwezigaba ezihlukene zamasekethe e-inverter. Ngokulawula ukuvula/ukuvala iswishi, amandla e-DC agcinwe ohlangothini lwebhasi le-DC lesiguquli sefrikhwensi yekheshi ngesikhathi sokusebenza komshini wokudonsa esimweni sokukhiqiza amandla aguqulwa abe amandla e-AC. Kusekhethi, amaswishi aphezulu naphansi engalweni yebhuloho efanayo awakwazi ukuqhuba ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi isikhathi sokuqhuba nobude bento ngayinye kulawulwa ngokuya nge-algorithm yokulawula i-inverter.
2. Isekhethi yokuvumelanisa igridi
Ukulawulwa kokuvumelanisa kwesigaba kudlala indima ebalulekile ekutheni ilifti ingakwazi yini ukuphendula ngendlela esebenzayo amandla asebhasini le-DC kugridi yamandla. Isekhethi yokuvumelanisa igridi isebenzisa ukuvumelanisa kwamandla kagesi womugqa wegridi, futhi ukuze ugweme imiphumela yendawo efile ngesikhathi sokuhamba, amaswishi asebenza ngamadigri angu-120 engalweni efanayo yebhuloho. Ubudlelwano obunengqondo phakathi kwesignali yokuvumelanisa igridi kanye nesignali yokuwela uziro yegridi yamandla itholakala ngesiqhathanisi, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwesignali yokuvumelanisa igridi yedivayisi ngayinye yokushintsha kanye negridi yamandla kagesi itholakala ngokulingiswa kwe-Multisim. Iswishi ngayinye ine-engeli yokusebenza engu-120 degrees futhi ihlukaniswe ngama-degree angu-60 ngokulandelana. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, amashubhu amabili kuphela wokushintsha ebhulohweni le-inverter ahambayo, aqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile nokuthembekile. Ukwengeza, amaswishi amabili ngamunye asebenza ebangeni eliphezulu kakhulu likagesi lomugqa wegridi yamandla, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-inverter ephezulu.
3. Isifunda sokulawula ukutholwa kwe-voltage
Ngenxa yamandla kagesi aphezulu ohlangothini lwebhasi le-DC lesiguquli sefrikhwensi ye-elevator, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale usebenzise izithasiselo zokuhlukanisa i-voltage, bese uhlukanisa futhi unciphise i-voltage yebhasi ngezinzwa ze-Hall voltage, bese uyiguqulela isignali ye-voltage ephansi. Kumjikelezo wokulawula ukutholwa kwe-voltage, indlela yokulawula ukuqhathanisa kokulandela ngomkhondo we-hysteresis iyamukelwa, enezela impendulo enhle ngesisekelo sesiqhathanisi futhi inikeza amanani amabili okuqhathanisa komqhathanisi, okungukuthi amanani omkhawulo ongaphezulu naphansi. Kusetshenziswa amasekethe ehadiwe, ukulawula kuyashesha futhi kunembile. Isekhethi yokulawula ukutholwa kwamandla kagesi ayikwazi ukugwema kuphela ukuphakama okukhona ngokushesha kwamasiginali wokuphazamiseka esignali kagesi, okubangela ukuthi isimo sokuphumayo sesiqhathanise sinyakaze, kodwa futhi ivimbele isistimu yempendulo yamandla ukuthi iqale futhi ivaleke kaningi kakhulu.
4. Isifunda sokulawula ukutholwa kwamanje
Enqubweni yempendulo yamandla, amandla amanje kufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo zawo zamandla, futhi amandla abuyiselwe kugridi kufanele abe mkhulu noma alingane namandla amakhulu lapho umshini wokudonsa usesimweni sokukhiqiza, ngaphandle kwalokho ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ebhasini le-DC kuzoqhubeka nokukhuphuka. Uma i-voltage yegridi yamandla ingashintshi, amandla empendulo yamandla esistimu anqunywa impendulo yamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impendulo yamanje kufanele ikhawulelwe phakathi kwebanga elilinganiselwe ledivayisi yokushintsha amandla e-inverter. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusabela kuminyanisa phakathi kwegridi yamandla kanye ne-inverter kuvumela amaza amakhulu ukuthi adlule ngenkathi kunciphisa ivolumu ye-reactor. Ngakho-ke, i-inductance ye-reactor kufanele ibe yinani elincane lokuqinisekisa impendulo yamandla. Isivinini soshintsho lwamanje sishesha kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusebenzisa isilawuli se-hysteresis samanje kungalawula ngempumelelo impendulo yamanje futhi kuvimbele izingozi ezidlulele.
5. Isifunda sokulawula esiyinhloko
Iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi yesistimu yempendulo ye-elevator amandla yisifunda esiyinhloko sokulawula, esisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukusebenza kwalo lonke uhlelo. Isifunda sokulawula esiyinhloko siqukethe i-microcontroller kanye nama-peripheral circuits, akhiqiza amagagasi e-PWM anembe kakhulu asekelwe ekulawuleni ama-algorithms; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokusekelwe kusignali yokuvumelanisa yegridi, ukulawula amaphutha kwe-IPM kuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa okuphephile nokusebenzayo kwayo yonke inqubo yempendulo yamandla.
6. Isifunda sokulawula ukuvikela okunengqondo
Isignali yokuvumelanisa yoxhumo lwegridi, amasignali okulawula amandla kagesi kanye nezamanje, isignali yephutha ye-IPM, kanye nokukhishwa kwesignali yokushayela kusukela kumjikelezo wokulawula oyinhloko konke kudinga ukudlula kumjikelezo wokulawula ukuvikela okunengqondo ukuze kusebenze okunengqondo, futhi ekugcineni kuthunyelwe kumjikelezo wokuguqula amandla ukuze kulawulwe inqubo yempendulo. Ngale ndlela, ingaqinisekisa ukuthi amandla e-AC aphuma ku-inverter avumelaniswa negridi, futhi iphinde ivimbe isignali yedrayivu uma kwenzeka kuba namaphutha e-overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage, kanye ne-IPM kusekethe, kumise inqubo yempendulo yamandla.
Ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo lwempendulo ye-elevator yamandla luqala kuphela lapho umshini wokudonsa usesimweni sokukhiqiza, impilo yawo yesevisi yinde kuneyekheshi. Kulokhu, kungabonakala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zempendulo yamandla ekheshi, ngokwemigomo, imithelela yokonga amandla, kanye nokusebenza, kufanelekile ukukhuthazwa ngamandla endaweni yanamuhla yamandla eyanda ngokuyivela kancane. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokudala indawo enempilo nenhle yokonga ugesi oluhlaza, kodwa futhi kuphendula ikhwelo lezwe kanye nohulumeni lokonga ugesi kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokwakhiwa komphakathi ogxile ekongiweni kwemvelo, okufaka isandla emizamweni yokonga ugesi yezwe kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola.