Abahlinzeki bempendulo yamandla ekheshi bakukhumbuza ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamakheshi amile ezakhiweni eziphakeme kuya ngokuya kuduma. Ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela emihle yokonga amandla kumakheshi, kungashiwo ukuthi kusekude ukuhamba. Ngokungeziwe emizamweni yokuphatha yansuku zonke (njengokufaka izinzwa ezizenzakalelayo kumakheshi phakathi nezikhathi ezingezona ezokuvakasha kakhulu), into ebaluleke kakhulu ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza yamabhizinisi okukhiqiza. Ngokusho kwedatha yezibalo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla komsingathi wedrayivu yekheshi edonsa umthwalo kubala ngaphezu kuka-70% wengqikithi yamandla asetshenziswa ikheshi. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwamakheshi okonga amandla kusekubuyekezeni nasekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zokushayela nokudonsa, izindlela zokulawula isivinini samakheshi, nezindlela zokulawula.
1. Ubuchwepheshe bempendulo yamandla
Ubuchwepheshe bempendulo yamandla yinqubo yokusebenzisa isiguquli ukuze uguqule uhlangothi lwe-DC lwesiguquli semvamisa lube amandla e-AC futhi luyibuyisele kugridi yamandla lapho injini isesimweni sokukhiqiza. Kusukela ezicini zokusebenza zamakheshi, kungabonakala ukuthi ingxenye yesimo sawo sokusebenza isesimweni sokuphehla ugesi. Ngokombono, umthelela wokonga amandla wobuchwepheshe bempendulo yamandla kufanele ube muhle kakhulu. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, okwamanje ngaphezu kwama-92% amakheshi amosha kuphela la mandla ngendlela yokushisisa okuzivuselelayo. Ngokusekelwe kwizibalo zamakheshi acishe abe yizigidi eziyi-1.3 asetshenziswa ezweni lonke ekuqaleni kuka-2011, kucatshangwa ukuthi amandla ajwayelekile ekheshi ngalinye angu-15kw futhi amandla ajwayelekile e-resistor evuselelayo ama-5kw, kulingana nokuba nesithando somlilo sikagesi esingaba yizigidi ezingu-7 kW e-China esibasiwe ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa noma yikuphi. Yeka ukumosha! Ubuchwepheshe bempendulo yamandla buphatha ukunikezwa kwamandla okokufaka kwamakheshi njengento elawulwayo, enezinzuzo eziningi. Njengamanje, lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe kabanzi kubakhiqizi abaningana bezikheshi, futhi sekwenziwe uhlelo lokuphendula amandla, oluvumela ukuthi ugesi ocutshungulwe ngobuchwepheshe bokulungisa okuningi ubuyiselwe kugridi yamandla wokwakha ukuze usetshenziswe ezinye izisetshenziswa zikagesi esakhiweni. Idivayisi ye-PFE yochungechunge lwempendulo yokonga amandla iyunithi elizinikele lokubhuleka impendulo lamakheshi. Ingakwazi ukuguqula ngempumelelo amandla kagesi avuselelwe agcinwe ku-capacitor ye-elevator inverter ibe amandla e-AC futhi iwathumele emuva kugridi, iguqule ikheshi ibe "isikhungo samandla" esiluhlaza ukuze sinikeze amandla kwezinye izinto zokusebenza, futhi inomphumela wokonga ugesi. Ukwengeza, ngokushintsha ama-resistors ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla, izinga lokushisa elizungezile ekamelweni lomshini liyancishiswa, futhi izinga lokushisa lokusebenza lesistimu yokulawula i-elevator liyathuthukiswa, kunwetshwe impilo yesevisi ye-elevator. Igumbi lomshini alidingi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokupholisa ezifana ne-air conditioning, ukonga ugesi ngokungaqondile.
2. Ubuchwepheshe be-VVVF (Variable Voltage Variable Frequency Speed Control).
Ubuchwepheshe be-VVVF busetshenziswe kabanzi ezinhlelweni zesimanje zokulawula i-AC speed regulation elevator drive. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-VVVF abavuthiwe ezinhlelweni zokushayela ikheshi sekuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokulawulwa kwe-elevator drive kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokusebenza kwekheshi namuhla. Ubuchwepheshe be-VVVF buye basusa izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-AC dual speed motor motor drive futhi kwashintsha ama-DC gearless drives, okungathuthukisi nje ukusebenza kwamakheshi, kodwa futhi konga amandla ngempumelelo futhi kunciphise ukulahlekelwa. Okulandelayo kuhlaziya ukusebenza okonga amandla kwamakheshi e-VVVF ngokwezigaba ezihlukene zokusebenza kwekheshi. Ukusebenza kwekheshi kungenziwa lula kube izigaba ezintathu: ukuqala, ukusebenza kwesivinini esingaguquki, kanye nokubhuleka.
(1) Isigaba sokuqala: I-VVVF iqala ngaphansi kwezimo zemvamisa ephansi, okuholela ekudambiseni okuphansi okusebenzayo futhi kunciphise kakhulu inani lokuqala lamanje namandla okusetshenziswa.
(2) Isigaba sesivinini esiqinile: Amandla asetshenziswa ama-ACVV (i-voltage ne-speed regulation) ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesivinini esiqinile afana nalawo amakheshi alawulwa yi-VVVF ngaphansi komthwalo ogcwele kanye nezimo ezikhuphukayo zomthwalo oyingxenye. Ngesikhathi somthwalo omncane (noma ukwehla komthwalo osindayo), ngenxa yomphumela wokudonsela emuva, amakheshi e-ACVV adinga ukuthola amandla kugridi yamandla ukuze akhiqize i-torque yokubhuleka, kuyilapho amakheshi e-VVVF esebenza esimweni sokuvuselela amabhuleki futhi awadingi ukuthola amandla kugridi yamandla.
(3) Isigaba sokubhuleka: Amakheshi e-ACVV ngokuvamile asebenzisa indlela yokubhuleka yokusetshenziswa kwamandla esigabeni sokubhuleka, esithola ukusetshenziswa kwamandla e-braking current kusuka kugridi yamandla, futhi yamanje iguqulwa ibe amandla okushisa futhi idliwe ku-rotor yemoto. Kumamotho anamasondo amakhulu e-inertia, amandla okubhuleka amandla angafinyelela ku-60-80A, futhi ukushisa kwemoto nakho kubi kakhulu. Amakheshi e-VVVF awadingi noma yimaphi amandla avela kugridi yamandla ngesikhathi sesigaba sokubhuleka, futhi injini kagesi isebenza esimweni sokuvuselela kabusha. Amandla e-kinetic wesistimu ye-elevator aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi futhi adliwe ukumelana kwangaphandle kwemoto, okungagcini nje ngokusindisa amandla kodwa futhi kugweme isenzakalo sokushisa kwemoto okubangelwa ukubhuleka kwamandla.
Ngokwezibalo zokusebenza zangempela, amakheshi alawulwa yi-VVVF angonga amandla angaphezu kuka-30% uma kuqhathaniswa namakheshi alawula isivinini se-ACVV. Uhlelo lwe-VVVF lungaphinde luthuthukise isici samandla ohlelo lukagesi, lunciphise umthamo wemishini ye-elevator line nama-motor kagesi ngaphezu kwama-30%. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okungenhla, kungase kubonakale ukuthi amakheshi okulawula isivinini esishintshashintshayo se-VVVF anezici ezisobala zokonga amandla, ezimele isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kokulawula isivinini samakheshi, futhi anezinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho nezenhlalo.
3. Isimiso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-DC Bus Elevator Control System
Ezindaweni lapho amakheshi esetshenziswa njalo, ilifti eyodwa ayanele, ngakho-ke amakheshi amabili noma ngaphezulu avame ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngale ndlela, kungacatshangelwa ukubuyisela amandla angaphezu kwamandla akhiqizwe ikheshi elilodwa noma amabili ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza amandla kubha yebhasi eyabiwa yilawa makheshi, ukuze kuzuzwe imigomo yokonga amandla. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lokulawula izinyusi zamabhasi e-DC ngokuvamile lwakhiwa ama-circuit breaker, ama-contactor, ama-inverter, ama-motor, nama-fuse. Isici sayo ukuxhuma wonke amakheshi ohlangothini lwe-DC lwesistimu kubha yebhasi evamile. Ngale ndlela, ilifti ngayinye ingakwazi ukuguqula amandla e-AC ibe amandla e-DC ngokusebenzisa i-inverter yayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza futhi iwabuyisele ebhasini. Amanye amakheshi kubha yebhasi angasebenzisa la mandla ngokugcwele, anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele kohlelo futhi afinyelele umgomo wokongiwa kwamandla. Uma elinye lamakheshi lingasebenzi, mane ucime iswishi yomoya kuleyo lift. Lolu hlelo lunezinzuzo zesakhiwo esilula, izindleko eziphansi, nokuphepha nokwethembeka.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya entsha ye-traction
Indlela evamile yokudonsa yamakheshi intambo yensimbi, edla amandla amaningi ngenxa yesisindo nokushwibeka kwentambo yensimbi. Ukusetshenziswa komugqa wensimbi oyinhlanganisela ye-polyurethane esikhundleni sentambo yensimbi evamile embonini yekheshi kuwubhidliza ngokuphelele umqondo womklamo wamakheshi endabuko, okwenza ukongiwa kwamandla nokusebenza kahle kwenzeke. Imichilo yensimbi ye-polyurethane enogqinsi olungamamilimitha angu-3 kuphela ivumelana nezimo futhi ihlala isikhathi eside kunezintambo zensimbi zensimbi, eziphila ngokuphindwe kathathu kunezintambo zensimbi zensimbi. Ukuqina okuphezulu namandla aphezulu okudonsa kwe-polyurethane steel strip kwenza ukwakheka kwenjini eyinhloko kuvame ukwenziwa kancane. Ububanzi besondo lokudonsa lenjini eyinhloko ingancishiswa ibe ngamamilimitha ayi-100-150. Kuhlanganiswe nobuchwepheshe obungenasici obungenamagiya ozibuthe, umthamo womshini wokudonsa ungancishiswa ngo-70% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini eziyinhloko zendabuko, okwenza kube lula ukufeza umklamo wamahhala wegumbi lomshini, ukonga kakhulu indawo yokwakha nokunciphisa izindleko zokwakha. Njengamanje, kokubili i-Otis GEN2 elevator kanye ne-Xunda 3300AP elevator basebenzise lobu buchwepheshe, okutholakale ukuthi bonga amandla afika ku-50% uma kuqhathaniswa namakheshi endabuko. Ukwengeza, intambo ye-fiber traction ye-Xunda Elevator enamandla amakhulu okwamanje isesigabeni sokusebenza futhi kukholakala ukuthi izongena emakethe yaseShayina maduze nje.
5. Ubuchwepheshe besivinini esiguquguqukayo
Ubuchwepheshe be-variable speed elevator bungobunye ubuchwepheshe obusha bokonga amandla nobungane nemvelo obuvele eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuphakamisa isivinini esiguquguqukayo kusekelwe emandleni okonga amandla emikhiqizo evamile yamakheshi. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamakheshi endabuko, isivinini esikaliwe sisethwa kuphela lapho umshini wokudonsa usemthwalo wawo omkhulu, okungukuthi, lapho amandla okukhipha umshini wokudonsa esezingeni eliphezulu, ngaphansi kokubili kwezimo zomthwalo ogcwele nezingenalutho. Kodwa-ke, lapho cishe uhhafu wabagibeli bekhona, ngenxa yokuthi ibhokisi lilingana ne-counterweight, umthwalo emshinini wokudonsa empeleni mncane, futhi kusekhona amandla okukhipha asele. Okusho ukuthi, ingxenye kuphela yamandla omshini wokudonsa isetshenziswa. Ubuchwepheshe bokuphakamisa isivinini esiguquguqukayo "ukusetshenziswa kwamandla asele lapho umthwalo uphansi ukwandisa isivinini sekheshi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zamandla. Ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe obusha kungakhuphula isivinini esikhulu samakheshi sibe izikhathi ezingu-1.6 zejubane elilinganiselwe. Ukuboniswa kokulingisa kubonisa ukuthi isikhathi sokulinda abagibeli sincishiswe cishe ngo-12%. Lokhu akufinyezi nje kuphela i-elevator ngaphansi kwezimo zamandla afanayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuhamba kahle kwandisa isikhathi samakheshi, futhi ukukhanya kwamakheshi kungacinywa, okunomphumela obalulekile wokonga amandla.
6. Uhlelo lokukhetha isendlalelo senhloso
Uhlelo lokulawula i-Xunda M10 kwaba ngelokuqala ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhetha indawo oya kuyo e-China. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kanye nocwaningo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha, umqondo wokusetshenziswa kwawo uye wamukelwa abantu baseShayina futhi uholele ekwakhiweni okusha okuqhubekayo kwabalandeli embonini. Uhlelo lwayo lwesizukulwane esisha lwe-Schindler ID lusetshenziswe ezakhiweni ezimbalwa ezisezingeni eliphezulu e-China (i-Nanjing Zifeng Building, PetroChina Building). Kalula nje, amakheshi endabuko akhetha kuphela phansi ngemva kokungena ekheshini futhi azise ikheshi ngephansi afuna ukuya kulo. Phakathi namahora aphakeme, ngokuvamile amisa ungqimba ngongqimba, okungasebenzi kahle. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokukhetha indawo okuyiwa kuyo kuvumela abantu abaya esitezi esisodwa ukuthi bahleleke ngaphambi kokungena kwikheshi, okungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Ngokuhlanganisa imininingo egciniwe yesofthiwe efanele, ubuchwepheshe be-Bluetooth, nezinhlelo zokuphatha umphakathi, ukushaya kwekhadi elihlakaniphile nokwabelwa kwekheshi kusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ngempela amakheshi ezakhiweni ezihlakaniphile. Izindawo zokusebenza zabasebenzi abangena esakhiweni zisethiwe, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha kanye nezinga lokuphepha lesakhiwo nomphakathi.
7. Buyekeza uhlelo lokukhanyisa imoto yekheshi kanye nesistimu yokubonisa phansi
Ngokolwazi olufanele, ukusebenzisa ama-LED light-emitting diode ukuze kuthuthukiswe amalambu e-incandescent avame ukusetshenziswa, amalambu e-fluorescent, nezinye izinto zokukhanyisa ezimotweni zamakheshi kungasindisa cishe u-90% wokusetshenziswa kokukhanyisa, futhi isikhathi sokuphila sezinto siphindwe izikhathi ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu-50 kunezinto ezivamile. Izibani ze-LED ngokuvamile zinamandla angu-1W kuphela, azikho ukushisa, futhi zingafinyelela imiklamo ehlukahlukene yangaphandle nemiphumela yokubona, izenze zibe zinhle futhi zibenhle. Ikheshi ikumodi yokulinda, futhi uhlelo lokubonisa phansi luhlala lukwimodi yokusebenza. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulala ukuze uvale ngokuzenzakalelayo noma unciphise ukukhanya ngohhafu nakho kungafinyelela imigomo yokonga amandla.
8. Ikheshi elisebenza ngelanga
Uma kuqhathaniswa namakheshi avamile, amakheshi anikezwa amandla elanga anezici ezimbili ezisobala: okokuqala, ukunikezwa kwamandla kungashintshwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Okwesibili ukwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obusha bamanethiwekhi okusebenza ahambisanayo. Kungenzeka ukugcina amandla elanga namandla kagesi akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-elevator kumabhethri athile. Ngemva kokufinyelela amapharamitha athile, igridi yamandla ayidingi ukuqhubeka nokunikeza amandla, kodwa ishintshela ngokuzenzekelayo esimweni esinamandla ebhethri, isebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla elanga futhi igaya kabusha amandla kagesi.